Table 3 The role of GLP-1 RA in diabetic HFpEF

GLP-1 RA

14,088 patients with T2DM, overweight/obesity, and HFpEF

12 months

Associated with a significantly lower risk of HHF

[81]

Semaglutide

1145 participants with obesity-related HFpEF (included 616 diabetic HFpEF patients)

52 weeks

Improved HF-related symptoms, physical limitations and reduced NT-proBNP levels

[82, 83]

Semaglutide

1146 participants with obesity-related HFpEF (included 636 diabetic HFpEF patients)

52 weeks

Reduced C-reactive protein levels and improved symptoms, physical limitations, and exercise function

[84]

Semaglutide

616 T2DM patients with obesity-related HFpEF

52 weeks

Contributed to larger reductions in HF-related symptoms and physical limitations

[85]

Liraglutide

95 T2DM patients

6 months

Reduced EAT levels

[87]

Semaglutide

20 subjects with T2DM and obesity

12 weeks

Significantly decreased EAT thickness

[88]

Exenatide

14,752 T2DM patients with or without HF (included 516 diabetic HFpEF patients)

3.2 years

Lowered the incidence of the composite outcome of all-cause death or HHF

[89]

Semaglutide

491 patients with obesity-related HFpEF (included 422 diabetic HFpEF patients)

52 weeks

Ameliorated adverse cardiac remodeling

[90]

Semaglutide

3743 participants with a history of HFpEF (included 941 diabetic HFpEF patients)

NA

Decreased the risk of the combined endpoint of CVD or HF, as well as the worsening HF events

[91]

Liraglutide

HFpEF mice model

12 weeks

Attenuated the cardiometabolic dysregulation and improved cardiac function

[92]

Liraglutide

HFpEF mice model

4 weeks

Markedly improved diastolic function, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and myocardial fibrosis

[93]

Semaglutide

HFpEF mice model

4 weeks

Improved the cardiometabolic profile, cardiac function and structure

[94]

Liraglutide

30 T2DM patients with coronary artery disease

24 weeks

Did not improve any diastolic function parameters

[95]

SGLT2i and GLP-1RA

336,334 patients with T2DM and without cardiovascular disease (included 17,451 patients with T2DM and HF)

4 years

Prevented HF

[96]