Fig. 1
Acute hyperglycemia induced Na+/H+ imbalances are associated with impaired cardiac function post MI. A Graphical overview of human study. B–D Analysis of plasma N-terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and Creatine Kinase-MB (CK-MB) levels, serum sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) concentrations between MI patients with normal glucose (n = 14) and those with high glucose (n = 34). E Correlation of serum levels of Na+ and K+ with the Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) in non-diabetic MI patients with admission blood glucose exceeding 7 mM (n = 14), collected from the NHANES database. F Correlation of plasma levels of Na+ and K+ with the EF in patients (non-diabetic patients with admission blood glucose exceeding 7 mM) post PCI (n = 433). G Schematic illustration showing the comparison of plasma Na⁺ concentrations from cardiac regions between healthy individuals (n = 6) and PCI patients (n = 4). CSD, coronary sinus ostium (proximal segment). H Schematic illustration of the modeling strategies for mouse Sham, MI, and Glu + MI groups. I Diagram of intracellular Na+ enrichment in mouse heart tissue. J Total intracellular Na+ levels in heart tissue isolated from Sham, MI or Glu + MI, normalized by tissue weight, n = 4 (MI, Glu + MI), n = 5 (Sham). RA: remote area; BA + IA: border and infarct area. K Analysis of serum Na⁺ concentrations in Sham, MI, and Glu + MI groups, n = 7 (Sham), 5 (MI) and 8 (Glu + MI). L Flowchart of intracellular H⁺ measurement in cardiac tissue. M–N Representative immunofluorescence M and quantification N of pHrodo™ Red (pHi) levels in heart tissue from Sham, MI and Glu + MI, n = 5 per group, scale bar 100 μm. Statistical significance in B, D and G was determined by two-tailed unpaired student’s-test, in C was by Mann–Whitney U test, while J, K and N were assessed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s test. Correlations in E and F were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and simple linear regression analyses. All quantitative data are expressed as mean ± SD. NS, not significant