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Table 1 Clinical characteristics in the total population and stratified by sex

From: Sex differences in myocardial flow reserve among individuals with type 2 diabetes: insights from the DiaHeart study

 

Overall,

N = 901

Men,

N = 635

Women,

N = 266

P-value

Age (years)

65.1 ± 8.9

65.3 ± 9.0

64.5 ± 8.9

0.20

Ethnicity, n (%)

0.20

 Caucasian

867 (96.2)

608 (95.7)

259 (97.4)

 

 Asian

18 (2.0)

13 (2.0)

5 (1.9)

 

 Other

9 (1.0)

8 (1.3)

1 (0.4)

 

Known duration of diabetes (years)

13.7 ± 8.4

13.8 ± 8.1

13.5 ± 9.1

0.30

Body mass index (kg/m2)

30.2 ± 5.4

30.0 ± 5.0

30.5 ± 6.3

0.40

24-hour systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

138 ± 13

139 ± 13

137 ± 14

0.059

 Missing, n (%)

149 (16.5)

92 (14.5)

57 (21.4)

 

Office systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

139 ± 16

140 ± 16

136 ± 16

0.002

HbA1c (mmol/mol)

55.7 ± 12.8

56.1 ± 12.8

54.7 ± 12.9

0.051

HbA1c (%)

7.2 ± 1.2

7.3 ± 1.2

7.2 ± 1.2

0.051

Total cholesterol (mmol/l)

3.9 ± 0.9

3.8 ± 0.9

4.1 ± 0.9

< 0.001

LDL cholesterol (mmol/l)

1.7 ± 0.8

1.7 ± 0.7

1.9 ± 0.8

0.002

eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2)

82.1 ± 21.8

82.1 ± 22.6

82.2 ± 19.7

0.50

HsCRP (mg/l)

1.3 (0.6, 2.7)

1.2 (0.6, 2.5)

1.5 (0.7, 3.1)

0.006

 Missing, n (%)

77 (8.5)

55 (8.7)

22 (8.3)

 

proANP (pmol/l)

247.0 (152.0, 384.0)

251.5 (150.0, 396.0)

237.0 (158.5,351.0)

0.30

 Missing, n (%)

68 (7.5)

45 (7.1)

23 (8.6)

 

NT-proBNP (pmol/l)

6.4 (3.0, 14.4)

6.1 (3.0, 16.0)

6.8 (3.0, 12.6)

0.80

Troponin T (ng/l)

9.7 (6.8, 14.3)

10.7 (7.9, 15.7)

7.1 (5.0, 9.9)

< 0.001

Urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (mg/g)

7.7 (4.9, 19.9)

7.8 (4.6, 23.7)

7.3 (5.4, 13.2)

0.70

Historic albuminuria*, n (%)

0.002

 Normal

582 (66.4)

391 (63.0)

191 (74.6)

 

 Moderately increased

225 (25.7)

171 (27.5)

54 (21.1)

 

 Severely increased

70 (8.0)

59 (9.5)

11 (4.3)

 

Retinopathy, n (%)

0.12

 None

629 (77.5)

430 (75.8)

199 (81.2)

 

 Simplex

126 (15.5)

91 (16.0)

35 (14.3)

 

 Proliferative

57 (7.0)

46 (8.1)

11 (4.5)

 

 Missing, n

89 (9.9)

68 (10.7)

21 (7.9)

 

Smoking, n (%)

0.006

 Non-smoker

382 (42.4)

249 (39.2)

133 (50.2)

 

 Former

408 (45.3)

300 (47.2)

108 (40.8)

 

 Current

110 (12.2)

86 (13.5)

24 (9.1)

 

Family history of cardiovascular disease, n (%)

189 (21.1)

118 (18.8)

71 (26.7)

0.008

Medical treatment

Lipid-lowering, n (%)

723 (80.3)

512 (80.8)

211 (79.3)

0.60

Antihypertensive drugs, n (%)

685 (76.0)

490 (77.2)

195 (73.3)

0.20

RAAS blockade, n (%)

610 (67.7)

435 (68.5)

175 (65.8)

0.40

Betablockers, n (%)

150 (17)

116 (18)

34 (13)

0.044

Aspirin, n (%)

270 (30.0)

204 (32.1)

66 (24.8)

0.029

Metformin, n (%)

730 (81.0)

525 (82.7)

205 (77.1)

0.050

Insulin, n (%)

366 (40.6)

260 (40.9)

106 (39.8)

0.80

SGLT-2i, n (%)

413 (45.8)

302 (47.6)

111 (41.7)

0.11

GLP-1 RA, n (%)

458 (50.8)

312 (49.1)

146 (54.9)

0.12

Both SGLT-2i and GLP-1 RA†, n (%)

256 (28.4)

183 (28.8)

73 (27.4)

0.70

  1. Data are expressed as mean ± SD, median (interquartile range) or number (%) as appropriate. eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate. HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin. Hs-CRP: High-sensitivity CRP. ProANP: Pro-Atrial Natriuretic Peptide. NT-ProBNP: N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide. RAAS: renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system. SGLT-2i: sodium glucose transporter 2 inhibitor, GLP-1 RA: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist. Significant P-values are highlighted in bold. Numbers with missing values are reported if more than 5% were missing
  2. *Albuminuria: Normal: UACR < 30 mg/g. Moderately increased UACR 30–300 mg/g. Severely increased: UACR > 300 mg/g, in two consecutive measures
  3. †Participants receiving both medications are also included in the sum of each medication separately
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Cardiovascular Diabetology

ISSN: 1475-2840